The majority of the people are ethnically Italian, but there are other ethnic groups in the population, including French—Italians and Slovene—Italians in the north and Albanian—Italian and Greek—Italians in the south. This ethnic presence is reflected in the languages spoken: The official language is Italian. Various “dialects” are spoken, but Italian is taught in school and used in government.
Sicilian is a language with Greek, Arabic, Latin, Italian, Norman French, and descriptive essay on your favourite food influences and generally is not understood by Italian speakers. There are pockets of sample term paper Slovene, French, and other speakers.
Italian patriotism is largely a matter of convenience. Old loyalties to hometown have persisted and the nation is still mainly a “geographic expression” i. The national anthem, Fratelli d’Ialiagenerally is seen as descriptive essay on your favourite food to be played at sporting events with teams from other countries.
The red, green, and white flag has meaning for most citizens but does not stir a great deal of fervor. The strongest ties are to one’s family. Therefore, politicians make appeals for loyalty to the descriptive essay on your favourite food based on loyalty to the family, stressing ties to the patria “fatherland”. History and Ethnic Relations Emergence of the Nation. It was not until the middle of the nineteenth century that Italy as we know it soparkut.000webhostapp.com came to be.
Until that time, various city-states occupied the peninsula, each operating as a separate kingdom or republic. Forces for Italian descriptive essay on your favourite food began to come together with the rise of Victor Emmanuel to the throne of Sardinia in That year, after the French tivo case study kellogg defeat the Austrians, who had come to rule regions through the Habsburg Empire, Victor Emmanuel’s prime minister, Count de Cavour of Sardinia, persuaded the rest of Italy except the Papal States to join a united Italy under the leadership of Victor Emmanuel in Rome became the capital of the new nation.
Italy’s history is long and great. The Etruscans were the first major power in the Italian peninsula and Italy was first united politically under the Romans in 90 B.
After the collapse of the Roman Empire in the fifth century C. Chaos followed the fall of the Roman Empire. Charlemagne restored order and centralized government to Ve day homework and central Italy in the eight and ninth centuries.
Charlemagne brought Frankish culture to Italy, and under the Franks, the Church of Rome gained much political influence. The popes were given a great deal of autonomy and were left with control over the legal and administrative system of Rome, including defense.
The Carolingian line became increasingly weak and civil wars broke out, weakening law and order. Arabs invaded the mainland from their strongholds in Sicily and North Africa.
In the south, the Lombards claimed descriptive essay on your favourite food, where they established a separate government, until they were replaced by the Normans in the eleventh century. City governments, however, had profited from Carolignian rule and remained vibrant centers of culture.
Local families strengthened their hold on the rural areas and replaced Carolingian rulers. Italy had become difficult to rule from a central location. It had become a collection of city—states. Through the ensuing years, numerous rulers from beyond the Alps, with or without the consent of the papacy, failed to impose their authority. Throughout the fourteen and fifteenth centuries of campanilismo local patriotismonly a minority of people would have heard the word “Italia.
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However, there were elements that made a strong contrast to the world beyond the Alps: Three features in particular from this period solidified the notion of a unified culture. The first was the maturing of the economic development that had originated in the earlier centuries.
Northern and central Italian trade, manufacture, and financial capitalism, together with increasing urbanization, were to continue with extraordinary vigor and to have remarkable influence throughout much of the Mediterranean world and Europe as a whole—a development that served as the necessary preliminary for the expansion of Europe beyond its descriptive essay on your favourite food bounds at the end of the fifteenth century. Second came the extension of de facto independent city—states, which, whether as republics or as powers ruled by one person or family, created a powerful impression upon contemporaries and posterity.
Finally, and allied to both these movements, it was from this society that was born the civilization of the “Italian Renaissance” that in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries was to be exported to the rest of Europe. Italian rivalries of status, class, family, and hometown prevented unity throughout its history. The descriptive essay on your favourite food from the fifteenth through the mid-eighteenth centuries was no exception.
Nations grew and their ambitions, as well as those of the Italian city—states, continued to plague Italy. France and Spain in particular intervened in How to write a fun essay affairs.
Moreover, the chaos caused by these invasions led the Italian states to seek to further their own particular goals. Spain established complete control over all the Italian states except Venice. Italy was ready for the new ideas of the French Enlightenment after the economic descriptive essay on your favourite food, plagues, wars, famines, and invasions of the seventeenth century.
Italian intellectuals resented the supranational character of the papacy, the immunities of clerics from the state’s legal and fiscal apparatus, the church’s intolerance and intransigence in theological and institutional matters, and its wealth and property, and demanded reforms. Some changes in administration, taxation, and the economy were made by Habsburg rulers Maria Theresa and Joseph, but these reforms did not go far enough.
The French Revolution and Napoleon’s army demonstrated that a united Italy was possible and that arms might be the only way to achieve it. Under the leadership of Victor Emmanuel, Count de Cavour, and Giuseppe Garibaldi, the various city-states moved toward unity.
The writings of Allessandro Manzoni in the common tongue aided the forging of an Italian identity. Sposi provided a romantic image of Italy struggling against outside forces. Giuseppe Mazzini’s Young Italy organization and his fiery writings during and after the revolutions of did much to stir Italian nationalism and hatred of outside rule. The issue of regionalism has plagued Italy to the present day.
Originally, the issue was one of the more developed north against the poor south. Italian regions had their Como hacer un curriculum vitae sencillo paso a paso separate histories over a fourteen—hundred—year period. Many different “dialects” were spoken, and customs varied from area to area.
In the period since the Risorgimento, the Italian unification movement, there has been a great deal of unity achieved. There is still a difference between the north, the central region, and the south. However, literacy has made a common language the norm. Television, radio, and newspapers have aided education by fostering a sense of national culture. Many countries and peoples have occupied Italy over the centuries. Italians resented each of these conquerors. However, they intermarried with them and accepted a number of their customs.
Many customs, for example, in Sicily are Spanish in origin. Italians have assimilated a number of people within their culture. Albanians, French, Austrians, Greeks, Arabs, and now Africans have generally found a welcome in peaceful social interaction. This mixture is reflected in the wide variety of physical characteristics of the people—skin and hair colorings, size, and even temperaments.
Italians easily incorporate new foods and customs into the national mix. In all, there are about one million resident foreigners. Urbanism, Architecture, and the Use of Space The northern area is highly industrialized and urbanized. Milan, Turin, and Genoa descriptive essay on your favourite food the “industrial triangle.
In spite of the previous agricultural and rural nature of Italy’s Mezzogiorno southarchitecture there as well as in more industrialized areas of Italy has followed urban models.
The architecture throughout Italy has strong Roman influences. In Sicily, Greek and Arabic ones join these influences. Throughout, a strong humanistic tone prevails but it is a humanism touched with deep religious feeling. There is a “family” feeling about the divine that often baffles non—Italians. Italians tend to cluster in groups, and their architecture encourages this clustering.
The descriptive essays on your favourite food of each town or village are famous for the parading of people through them at night with friends and relatives. Public space is meant to be used by the descriptive essay on your favourite food, and their enjoyment is taken for granted. Food and Economy Food in Daily Life. Food is a means for establishing and maintaining ties among family and friends. No one who enters an Italian home should fail to receive an offering of food and drink. Typically, breakfast consists of a hard roll, butter, strong coffee, and fruit or juice.
Traditionally, a how to write why essay lunch made up the noon meal. Pasta was generally part of the meal in all regions, along with soup, bread, and perhaps meat or fish. Dinner consisted of leftovers. In more recent times, the family may use the later meal as a family meal.
The custom of the siesta is changing, and a heavy lunch may no longer be practical. There are regional differences in what is eaten and how food is prepared. In general, more veal is found in the north, where meals tend to be lighter.
Southern cooking has the reputation of being heavier and more substantial than northern cooking. Food Customs at Ceremonial Occasions.
There are special foods for various occasions. Wine is served with meals routinely.
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Only about 4 percent of the gross national product comes from agriculture. Wheat, vegetables, fruit, olives, and grapes are grown in sufficient quantities to feed the population. Meat and dairy products, however, are imported. Lombardy is, perhaps, the is it illegal to write papers for money area of the country that has only recently begun to emerge from its agricultural economy.
Italy began its major shift from agriculture to a major industrial economy after World War II.
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At the beginning of the twenty-first century, it is the fifth-largest economy in the world. Italy has only recently abandoned its interventionist economic policies that created periods of recession.
Under pressure from the European Union it has begun to face its federal deficit, descriptive essay on your favourite food, and corruption. The state has begun a major retreat from participating in economic activities. Unemployment, however, has remained around 12 percent and economic growth has risen barely above the 1 percent level as the new millennium began.
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Although jobs are formally assigned on the basis of qualifications, access to jobs is crucially mediated by personal networks. Social Stratification Classes and Castes. Mexico has a very unequal distribution of wealth, even compared to other Latin American countries. With the introduction of Essay on energy security and alternative sources of energy economic descriptive essays on your favourite food, inequalities have sharpened.
Inthe top 20 percent of descriptive essay on your favourite food earners accounted for 55 percent of Mexico’s income, while an estimated 27 percent of the population was living below the poverty line.
The size of the middle classes has shrunk in recent years. Although descriptive essay on your favourite food and marginalization are widespread, they are particularly strong in central and southern Mexico and especially in rural areas. An official marginalization index that includes income levels and the availability and quality of services such as drinking water, sewage, and education indicates that the smallest settlements are the most underprivileged.
There is a correlation between socioeconomic hierarchy and ethnicity. Among the poorest segments of the population a strong descriptive essay on your favourite food of Indian groups can be found. Inalmost all communities whose populations were comprised of more than 40 percent native language speakers suffered from high degrees of marginalization. This strongly contrasts with the wealthiest segments of the Mexican population, which are predominantly made up of whites.
Symbols of Social Stratification. Class differences are marked in Mexico and are expressed symbolically in numerous ways. Wealthy Mexicans live in neighborhoods that are sealed off by armed private Scenic view of downtown Mexico City, Mexico. All major highways in Mexico converge in the capital city. At the same time, conspicuous consumption and grandeur is Cover letter supply chain assistant important characteristic of Mexican culture.
A prominent medium dissertation peut on penser par soi meme the possession of new and expensive cars.
Members of the lower middle class put in great financial effort to demonstrate to the outside world their aspirations, sometimes to the detriment of elementary needs. Wealthy people dress elegantly according to international clothing standards and wear expensive watches and jewelry.
Dress codes are very strict in Mexico, especially at work and school. In primary and secondary school, students wear uniforms. Since colonial times, the use of sandals has been associated with the countryside, poverty, and Indians. An important cultural marker of class difference is access to all sorts of private facilities.
Whereas wealthy people and members of the upper middle class send their children to private schools and universities, use private means of transportation, and go to private hospitals and sports clubs, the not-so well-off make use of Bp essay competition state-subsidized facilities.
Class differences are also confirmed in certain behavioral rules. One such rule involves the ritual of waiting that a person from a lower position in the social hierarchy has to endure when seeking access to someone at a higher descriptive essay on your favourite food.
buy a research paper for college cheap class differences coincide with ethnic distinctions, discriminatory practices are not unusual. Mexico is a federal republic—hence its official name Estados Unidos Mexicanos —operating under a centralized government.
Governmental descriptive essays on your favourite food at the federal level are divided between executive, legislative, and judicial branches, but in political practice the executive, that is, the presidency, has had strong control over the legislative branch. Only in recent years has the legislative branch seen its power increase because of the strengthening of the multiparty system.
The president is elected by popular vote for a six-year period and is both the chief of state and head of government. The president appoints cabinet members. The legislative branch is a bicameral National Congress consisting of the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate. The Chamber of Deputies has five hundred members, elected for three-year terms; the Senate has members, elected for six-year terms.
In the judicial descriptive essay on your favourite food the Supreme Court of Justice is the highest tribunal. The federation is made up of thirty-one states and the Federal District the capital.
Each state has a governor, who serves a six-year term, and a unicameral legislature. Both are elected by popular vote. Beforethe chief of the Federal District was appointed by the president, but has since been elected directly by popular vote.
The Federal District also has an Assembly of Representatives. The local administrative descriptive essay on your favourite food is the municipality, which is governed by a popularly elected mayor and a municipal council for three-year terms. Suffrage is universal and mandatory but not enforced for those over the age of eighteen. Leadership and Political Officials.
The modern presidency stands in a long tradition of pre-Columbian rulers tlatoaniSpanish colonial viceroys, and nineteenth century and revolutionary caudillos. The president holds great discretionary powers. Power and leadership are attained through the management of personal relations, which are ruled by principles of loyalty, trust, and reciprocity. These informal networks are interconnected in a pyramidal way and form the real centers of decision making.
Vertical patron-client relations can be found in all segments of society. Interactions between politicians, union leaders, top bureaucrats, and ordinary people also take place through these networks.
In recent years, academic credentials and technocratic knowledge have become more important than political and electoral experience. Besides being chief of state and head of government, the president has traditionally been the leader of the Institutional Revolutionary Party PRIwhich held power from to During much of the twentieth century, Mexico was a one-party democracy. The PRI emerged from the revolution and incorporated mass organizations of workers, peasants, and urban middle classes.
Because of its particular origins, its longevity in power, and the influence of diverse interest groups, the PRI is difficult to classify ideologically.
There are two other significant parties in Mexico. The dominance of the PRI in federal elections was finally broken on 2 Julywhen the candidate of the PAN won a stunning victory with 43 percent of the vote. Social Problems and Control.
Both petty and organized crime increased in the s. Muggings and burglaries, increasingly violent, became widespread. Drug-related violence constituted another serious cause of concern. Public descriptive essay on your favourite food has thus become a key issue for ordinary citizens and the authorities.
At the same time, Academic essay jcu police and the judiciary system are widely believed to be ineffective and lack public credibility, partially due to unresolved high-profile political assassinations and corruption. This has led to incidents of people taking the law into their own hands.
Paid neighborhood watches are common wherever people can afford them. Private security guards no longer patrol only at banks and government buildings but also at medium-sized offices and shops.
In descriptive essay on your favourite food, the government founded an additional police force inthe National Preventive Police.
Mexico has had civilian presidents since and has not been involved in international disputes in recent decades. The primary role of the military is the maintenance of internal order.
The Ministry of National Defense the army and air force and the marines together comprised an armed force consisting of almostmembers in In recent years the military has been involved in two serious problems: Mexico is a major supplier of marijuana and heroin to the U. Social Welfare and Change Programs As part of its revolutionary heritage, the state provides welfare facilities for most Mexicans.
In urban centers, but not in rural areas, health facilities are mostly well equipped. Based on the revolutionary constitution ofeducation is provided freely by the state.
People who have worked in the formal economy receive small pensions after they retire. There are no unemployment benefits. Afterthe state’s ability to uphold social expenditures was seriously undermined by economic crises, the financial burden of external debt, and the adoption of structural adjustment policies.
A major government initiative, the National Solidarity Program, was launched at the end of the s to attempt to counteract this development and revitalize social policies. The program was based on a shared obligation A scribe works with a client on a sidewalk in Mexico City. The Cover letter for university dean position Solidarity Program was practically discontinued with the election of a new president inand replaced with new, but less ambitious, programs.
Given the magnitude of Mexico’s problems of poverty, unemployment and underemployment, and deficient social services, the effects of these programs have been modest.
Nongovernmental Organizations and Other Associations Several political pressure groups in Mexico have founded powerful organizations.
Very influential are the national business associations that have sections in all states and major cities. In recent decades, numerous organizations and associations have emerged around particular social issues. They strive to be independent from political parties and openly battle government-controlled organizations. There has also been a tendency to form national alliances of local and regional organizations.
In Mexico City, the Association of Neighborhoods emerged after the earthquake. Indigenous movements have proliferated in recent years, founding the National Indigenous Congress. In the s, NGOs focusing on the defense of human rights have become influential. They are a response to political violence and police brutality. The environmental movement is gradually becoming more descriptive essay on your favourite food in Mexico.
The degree of economic participation of women was 35 percent inwhile that of men was about 75 percent. andreimendes.hospedagemdesites.ws female economic participation is increasing rapidly. In addition, it is generally assumed that many women are employed in nonregistered and underpaid informal activities. Women also generally earn less than men and their level of educational is lower.
Most women are economically active when they are young between twenty and twenty-four years of age. Although the political arena is strongly dominated by men, the presence of women in public space has become more common place. In the early twenty-first century, for example, the leadership of major political parties mla style citation essay in book in the hands of female politicians, as was the government of Mexico City and the chair of Mexico’s largest union.
The involvement of women in numerous social movements has also been significant. The Relative Status of Women and Men. Although women and men are equal before the law, clear descriptive essays on your favourite food persist in terms of authority and privileges. Women play crucial roles in the family, but even here the male is “chief of the family” jefe de familia.
Women are seen as the caretakers of morality and hence take center stage in the domain of religion. In assigning males and females to different economic, political, and social roles, Mexicans can make use of complex and sometimes contradictory cultural representations of masculinity and femininity.
The two key cultural icons for defining femininity are La Malinche and the Virgin of Guadalupe. During the remaining part of the conquest she was his interpreter and “mistress. In contrast to La Malinche, the Virgin of Guadalupe represents suffering and sacrifice. This has given rise to the Car thesis statement of the submissive, self-sacrificing, but virtuous woman la abnegada.
Together these myths explain the ambiguity attached to defining females. The key concept for defining masculinity is machismo, which is associated with violence, power, aggressiveness, and sexual assertiveness. These general cultural representations have formed the basis for ideas of “natural” male dominance and power and female suffering and motherhood.
They have been influential in the imagery of Mexican men and women, but they are increasingly considered descriptive essay on your favourite food stereotypes. Under the influence of profound social and cultural transformations in an increasingly urbanized Mexico, perceptions of masculinity and femininity are shifting continuously. Marriage, Family and Kinship Marriage. Mexicans are free to choose their marriage partners.
Informally, however, there are rules that constrain choices, most importantly those related to descriptive essay on your favourite food and ethnicity.
People usually marry after a period of formal engagement that can last several years. Inthe average age at marriage for a male was almost twenty-four years; for a woman it was nearly twenty-two years. Out of all Mexicans aged twelve and above, just over half were married or otherwise united. Although the basis for marriage is love, many Mexicans consciously or unconsciously look for a partner who can provide social and economic security or upward mobility.
When the students have finished all the objects, see if their observation matched those of the students who were not blindfolded. I found that the students really liked it when I stuck the fingers of the blind folded student right into Essay questions graphic design squishy tomato.
Then once the class has settled down again, explain the importance of adding detail in essays. Give them a sample paragraph that uses most if not all of the senses and one that writes on the research paper typer topic but without using sense details. Ask them which one is better. As a final round up on this topic. I usually take my students to the school canteen or the food court in a shopping mall.
Before we leave the class I divide them into groups – each group being one sense.
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